Short version: You probably can not fix it/convert to 8/9-speed for less than $150 even if you do not need to replace the chainrings.serval said:
Chainrings, not a cassette. The "torn" or worn looking teeth are probably normal. They are contoured to shift easier. Does not mean your rings are not worn out and in need of replacing.
If you convert to 8/9-speed you have to replace the rings and maybe the cranks, too.
No worries. the chain should be replaced often anyway.
New cables and housing may fix it.
See #2
Replace the housings and cables.
To convert to 8/9-speed will you need to replace at least:
- rear hub
- cassette
- rear derailleur
- shifters
- middle and large chainring
- cables and housing
- chain
- crankset
- front derailleur
- bottom bracket
Not likely.
Keep it as a 7-speed and you can fix it on budget.
New cassette, chain (not an 8/9-speed), cables and housing, maybe one or two chainrings and you should be good to go. You do not need 8 or 9-speed.