Did you ever figure it out? How far was the bike disassembled?
They look like the o-rings that go on the back side of Shimano brake lever mounting bolts (to tighten levers on handlebar). So when you take levers off the bars the bolts stay in the clamp and don't fall out. But if you pull the bolt out of the clamp, the clamp catches the o-ring so you slide it off the bolt as well.
Only place I can think of where you can inadvertently pull off an o-ring without meaning to remove it.
What does the winner get?! Hopefully at least the satisfaction of learning they were correct, so let us know if you figure it out! Or cash works too...